Sunday, April 12, 2015
Paraphrasing X 3
Source 1: Manfred, Liebsch. "Alternatives to animal testing: Current status and Future Perspectives." Quote: "Testing for medical products, substances, or devices made the largest part in this category with 51%, whereas animal use for the evaluation of products or substances used mainly as animal feed, foods, cosmetics, and household items amount for only 4.3%. Chemicals and pesticides account for 19% of toxicological and safety testing in animals."
Paraphrase 1: Of the data collected, it was shown that over fifty percent of the animals used for testing were used for medical purposes.
Paraphrase 2: Shown in the data from the research was that, the amount of animals used for cosmetic purposes is relatively low compared to the number of animals used for medical testing purposes.
Paraphrase 3: Of the information collected, it was shown that the majority of animal testing is done for medical testing purposes, while a slim number of animals are used for cosmetic purposes.
Source 2: Saraf, Shyam. "Basic research: Issues with animal experimentations"
Quote: "By law, any new drug has to pass through a series of toxicological analysis in animals before being introduced to clinical research and usage. The results from animal studies can be extrapolated to human since the internal milieu of humans are similar to animals."
Paraphrase 1: All new drugs being introduced are subject to animal experimentation before human lives can ingest the drug.
Paraphrase 2: Because all newly introduced drugs must be tested on animals prior to human experimentation, animals with similar anatomy as humans are used.
Paraphrase 3: Legally, all new drugs are subject to animal experimentation before being tested on humans, animals with similar anatomy as humans are picked for the experiment.
Connection: Shyam Saraf who works for the department of orthopeadics at the Institute of Medical Sciences, explained that because all newly introduced drugs need to be tested on animals prior to being tested on humans, animals are chosen specifically because they share similar anatomy as humans. Although Saraf currently resides in India, drugs are being introduced all around the globe everyday and that means that animals are being tested frequently for medical purposes. In Europe, Manfred Liebsch, who works for the Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments(ZEBET), found that of all animals tested in Europe for the year, over fifty percent of the animals tested were tested for medical purposes, which is consistent with Saraf's research because she stated that every time that a drug is introduced, it must first be legally tested on animals with similar anatomy to humans.
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